Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan

Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country.     

基于RAGA-Shepard模型的滦河大河口站年径流预测

应用基于RAGA的Shepard相似模型,在实测径流统计特性分析的基础上对内蒙古滦河上游主要测站大河口站的年径流进行了预测.为科学调度水资源,最大限度地满足各方面的用水需求,提供有效依据.     

北京市大兴区浅层地下水水质时空变化分析

对大兴区浅层地下水的主要污染物进行时空动态及原因分析。结果表明,大兴区浅层地下水的主要污染指标含量比较高,尤其是总硬度含量超标严重,硝酸盐氮含量局部地区偏大,氨氮含量变化不明显。总体来说,地下水水质南部和东部水质好于北部和西部地区。污染源（包括工业废水、居民生活污水、农业面源污染）的分布以及表层地质环境和地下水贮存条件对地下水水质有很大影响,大兴区急需建立完善的地下水资源利用和保护机制。     

近30年来内蒙古地区气候干湿状况时空分布特征

根据内蒙古115个气象站1971～2000年气象资料,采用改进的Selianinov干燥度计算公式,研究了内蒙古地区气候干湿状况时空变化。结果表明:内蒙古干燥度空间分布具有明显地带性分布规律,即从西向东随经度增加干燥度逐渐变小,气候变得湿润。从年际变化的空间分布可以看出,30年来内蒙古地区气候变化大致分为两种类型:1)干湿交替型,位于西部的典型荒漠区和东北部的大兴安岭森林区。2)持续变干型,内蒙古中东北地区的半湿润区和半干旱区的分界线,30年来持续向东南方向推进,使得半湿润区面积缩小,半干旱区面积增加。从年际变化的时间分布来看,70年代,年平均干燥度呈现波动式下降,气候变化趋于湿润化;80年代,气候经历了先干后湿又干的变化过程,干燥度波动较大;90年代,气候经历了先湿润后急剧变干的变化过程,其中1995～2000年干燥度增幅为30年最快的时段。在六大生态类型分区中,典型荒漠区干燥度变化最为剧烈,且对内蒙古全区干燥度的贡献率最大,大兴安岭林区和草甸草原区的干燥度变化最小。从气候干湿状况的年代际变化可以看出,80年代是内蒙古全区气候干旱比较严重的年代。     

Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京湿地现状调查与分析

通过对北京市湿地资源普查结果和湿地动态变化的分析,对水资源、湿地植物资源、湿地动物资源、湿地生态旅游资源、湿地土地资源的合理利用提出了建议。     

美国红枫人工处理叶片色彩变化情况研究初报

美国红枫在成都立地条件下,在园林上有少量的应用。通过处理观察其叶片色彩变化、落叶情况以及和自然变色的对比,试图找到使色彩变化更明显的人工方法,剖析外来秋色叶树种在成都的适应情况,力图使成都的园林色彩更丰富。     

从微观层面研究两极交变磁场对微生物的影响

为了了解磁场杀菌的机理，有必要从微观层面开展磁场对微生物影响的研究。该文在自行设计的两极交变磁场装置上，以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、酵母菌为试验菌种，进行了磁场对菌体形态与结构的影响的环境扫描电镜与透射电镜观察以及磁场对菌体细胞内漏出物的相对吸光度、菌体脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的影响的测定。结果表明，两极交变磁场使微生物细胞壁损坏、细胞内物质的外流及DNA结构改变。     

Effect of tillage and N fertilization on microbial physiological profile of soils cultivated with wheat

Microbial diversity might be a good indicator of ecosystem disturbance and functioning. We determined the effect of soil disturbances, such as N fertilization and tillage management, on soil microbial communities in a Typic Argiudoll of the El Salado river basin (Argentina). Microbial activity and substrate utilization provided a metabolic fingerprint of the soil microbial community. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to differentiate responses to N fertilization and tillage at each of three growth stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Tillage had an adverse effect on microbial diversity, in which reduced and conventional tillage treated soils had different populations. However, N fertilization also altered microbial diversity depending on the crop developmental stage considered. Metabolism of carboxylic acids and carbohydrates were the main indicators of functional microbial activity and diversity. Although the substrate consumption profile of 32 C substrates did not provide insights into the fundamental ecological interactions that may induce changes in microbial population, it allowed us to demonstrate the alterations of microbial diversity as a result of tillage. We conclude that tillage and N fertilization altered microbial diversity.     

重庆江津市土地利用变化及社会驱动力分析

运用重庆江津市1990~2002年土地利用数据,分析其土地利用的动态变化及土地利用程度等变化情况,得出耕地面积变化是该区土地利用变化的核心类型。接着运用其社会经济发展状况有关数据和主成分分析法对耕地面积变化的社会驱动力作定量分析,总结出经济发展、城镇化和工业化、人口增长、农业生产效益、政治经济政策这5个因素是引起其耕地利用变化的主要社会驱动力因子。